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Pollution
Why it matters
Hydro’s industrial processes carry an inherent risk of pollution, linked
to direct operational emissions to air and water, and accidental spills
or leakages. Such emissions can have a negative impact on the local
environment and local communities if not managed correctly. Hydro’s
business activities are subject to emissions regulations, including
local emission permits, as well as regional and international
regulation of emissions.
Stricter regulations related to emissions and pollution could impose
new requirements on Hydro’s operations and value chain, which in
turn could affect cash flow or impose capital investments to reduce
the emissions from Hydro’s activities in the medium and long-term.
Incidents resulting in spills, leakages and other non-compliance with
emission permits can result in fines and remediation costs that have
an impact on Hydro’s financial performance. Pollution linked to
historical activities, at both existing operations and legacy sites, may
also require active intervention and remediation. Actual or perceived
pollution impacts on local communities can result in operational
shutdown, legal disputes and negative reputational impacts that have
a material impact on cash flow and financial results.
Our approach
Hydro monitors and reports on a number of material emissions to air
and water from its operations. These emissions are potential
pollutants and typically subject to regulatory controls such as
emission limits and monitoring. These regulations are reflected in the
operational licenses and will differ depending on the type of activity
and applicable regulatory frameworks.
Hydro’s most significant emissions to air are linked to fossil fuel
consumption in alumina refining and process emissions linked to
primary aluminium production. The largest non-GHG emissions are
sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), nitrogen oxide (NO
x
), particulate matter (PM)
and fluoride (F). SO
2
and NO
x
emissions to air are primarily from the
use of coal and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) as energy sources in Alunorte,
Brazil. Another large contributor to Hydro’s total sulfur dioxide to air is
related to the aluminium electrolysis process where the majority of
the total emissions come from Albras in Brazil and Slovalco in
Slovakia. SO
2
emissions from the Norwegian smelters are
considerably lower due to the use of seawater fed scrubbers for gas
treatment at these plants. The largest emission to water is the sulfur
captured by these seawater scrubbers. See Note E2.1 for an
overview of emissions to air and water.
Hydro’s Global Procedure on Environmental Management requires
that all operational sites, that are fully owned or operated by Hydro,
identify, control, and appropriately monitor potential sources of
pollution. Stakeholders and potentially affected communities can use
AlertLine as a communication tool to report environmental and social
issues concerning Hydro operations. See Business Conduct chapter
for more information about AlertLine.
With respect to managing pollution risk from accidental spills,
leakages, or other unplanned events, all sites are required to have
performed risk assessments and establish action plans and controls
to manage the risk, such as spill kits, secondary containment,
storage basins etc.
In 2024, Hydro will join World Economic Forum’s Alliance for Clean
Air, a cross sector initiative to the social and environmental benefits
of collective action to reduce air pollution. As an Alliance Member,
Hydro will work with the Stockholm Environment Institute to develop
value chain inventories and baselines of material air pollutants. This
data will be used as input for future disclosures and target setting,
with the goal of reducing air pollutant emissions linked to Hydro’s
value chain.
Targets and actions to reduce pollution risk
Hydro has established a target to halve material non-GHG emissions
(i.e. SO
2
, NO
x
and PM) by 2030, from a 2017 baseline. These
emissions are primarily linked to fossil fuel consumption in Hydro’s
operations and, primarily, the consumption of coal and HFO at
Hydro’s alumina refinery, Alunorte. To achieve this target, sites are
required to decarbonize their processes where feasible. For more
information about Hydro’s efforts to decarbonize and reduce
emissions, see chapter on Climate change. In 2023, total emissions
of SO
2
, NO
x
and PM were reduced by 30%, 20% and 15%,
respectively, from the 2017 baseline.
In 2023, Hydro also established a target to reduce fluoride emissions
to below 0.35 kg F / tonne Al, at its fully owned smelters, by 2030.
This is equivalent to the EU regulatory emission limit for new
smelters and will reduce the localized pollution pressure on flora and
fauna. This target will be achieved through investments in upgrades
to existing gas treatment centers and operational controls to improve
performance.
Elemental Mercury is emitted to air in the refining process at
Alunorte. Through a mass balance approach, this is estimated to be
ca. 2 metric tonnes per year, at full production. To reduce emissions
of mercury to air, Hydro has initiated a project to install four non-
condensable gases units (condensers) on Alunorte’s eight digestor
lines. The first condenser was installed in 2018, as a pilot, and its
Targets and ambitions
50%
Reduction in material non-GHG emissions by 2030 against 2017 baseline
Performance
30%
Reduction in SO
2
against baseline
20%
Reduction in NO
x
against baseline
15%
Reduction in particulate matter
emissions against baseline
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technical performance has been monitored prior to the installation of
the remaining units. The initial timeline to install the remaining units
was rescheduled to allow for further performance optimization of the
technology. As of yearend 2023, a second condenser has been
installed and will enter into operation in early 2024. Based on current
project schedule, installation of the final two condenser units is in
progress and will begin operation during 2024.
Incidents resulting in spills, leakages, or other non-compliances with
environmental performance standards, could potentially result in
material pollution. To minimize the risk of material pollution,
operational sites are required to implement controls such as
secondary containment and ensure spill kits are readily available and
employees trained to use them. Spill response drills are performed at
least annually, and results are documented. In the events of an
actual spill, incidents are assessed and classified according to the
severity of impact. Spills and leakages are reported and categorized
as severe or major if the leakage is uncontained, but the impact of
the leakages is reversible, or where the leakage is uncontained, and
the impact is irreversible. See Note E2.2 for reported spills and
leakages characterized as severe or major. Permit breaches are
reported when an incident occurs that in any way relates to an
environmental permit. See Note E2.3 for information on
environmental permits.
Target emissions and mitigating actions in the aluminium value chain
Activity
Target emissions
Mitigating actions
Bauxite mining
Water discharges to environment: suspended
solids
Clarification basins
Alumina refining
Water discharges to environment: pH and
suspended solids
pH adjustment and clarification
SO
2
, NO
x
and PM emissions to air
Alunorte fuel switch project to replace HFO with
LNG by 2025, and coal with electricity by 2030
Fugitive PM emissions to air in dry season
Water spraying of roads and open areas to limit
dust
Mercury emissions to air and water
Mercury condensers
Primary Aluminium production
Water discharges to environment
Wastewater treatment plants, oil separators,
containment basins
Fluoride emissions to air
Alumina-fed dry scrubbers
SO
2
and PM emissions to air
Seawater-fed wet scrubbers (fully owned
smelters)
Other emissions to air – casthouse and anode
baking furnaces
Bag filters
Aluminium recycling
Other emissions to air - casthouse
Bag filters (where legally required)
Extruded products
Water discharges to environment (where
applicable*)
Wastewater treatment plants, oil separators,
containment basins
* Many Extrusion sites discharge process water to third-party sewer systems for collection and treatment.
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Content
Impact materiality: Hydro’s potential and actual impact on sustainability topics across the value chain
Drivers of positive impact
1. Renewable energy generation
2. Low-carbon primary aluminium production
3. Recycling post-consumer aluminium scrap
4. Flood control from regulated watersheds
5. Secure employment, adequate wages, social protection,
career development, and an inclusive work environment
6. Job creation and engagement on standards for decent
work, human and workers’ rights across the value chain.
7. Local community value creation
8. Providing customers transparent, quality information on
traceable value chain
9. Engagement on business conduct, compliance, anti-
corruption, and other sustainability topics.
Drivers of potential negative impacts
A. Fossil fuel and non-renewable electricity use
B. GHG Process emissions from primary aluminium
production
C. Emissions to water in relation to wastewater discharges
to waterbodies
D. Emissions to air from fossil fuel use, electrolysis process
and certain recycling operations
E. Water use change from hydropower
F. Biodiversity and ecosystem pressure from water use
change
G. Biodiversity and ecosystem pressure from greenhouse
gas emissions and potential incidents of pollution
H. Biodiversity and ecosystem pressure from land use
change
I. Primary resource use in alumina refining and primary
aluminium production
J. Resource outflows, including tailings, bauxite residue
and waste generation
K. Potential health and safety incidents affecting own
workforce
L. Potential health and safety incidents and impact on
human rights for workers in the value chain
M. Potential impact on human rights in local communities
N. Potential incidents impacting health and safety of
consumers and end users
Bauxite
Alumina
Energy
Primary
Extrusion
Recycling
E1 Climate change
1
2
3
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
E2 Pollution
C, D
C, D
C, D
C, D
C, D
E3 Water and marine resources
4
E
E4 Biodiversity and ecosystems
G, H
G, H
F, H
G
G
G
E5 Resource use and circular economy
3
I, J
I, J
I, J
J
S1 Own workforce
5
5
5
5
5
5
K
K
K
K
K
K
S2 Workers in the value chain
6
6
6
6
6
6
L
L
L
L
L
L
S3 Affected communities
7
7
7
7
7
7
M
M
M
M
M
M
S4 Consumers and end users
8
8
8
8
8
N
G1 Business conduct
9
9
9
9
9
9
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Financial materiality: Hydro’s exposure to sustainability related risks and opportunities
Potential sustainability related opportunities for Hydro
1. Production of lower-carbon inputs for aluminium
production
2. New renewable energy development
3. Market premiums from lower carbon products
4. Integrated value chain with traceable, secure material
supply, including recycled aluminium
5. Circular production models integrated in value chain
6. Being an attractive employer offering safe and secure
jobs, adequate wages, social protection, career
development, and inclusive work environment
7. Being a cornerstone company that contributes to local
community value creation
8. Providing customers transparent, quality information on
traceable value chain
Potential sustainability related risks for Hydro
A. Regulatory, technology, and market risks associated
with the transition to net-zero GHG emissions
B. Climate change related changes in rainfall patterns,
flooding, water shortage, sea levels, storm patterns and
intensities, and temperatures
C. Increased cost of non-GHG emissions and compliance
with new regulations
D. Potential incidents of pollution
E. Climate change related changes in water availability
affecting electricity generation, cooling, operations or
transport/logistics
F. Impact on drivers of biodiversity loss, including land use
change, water use, climate change and pollution
G. Dependency on ecosystem services for water flow, flood
and storm protection, mass stabilization and erosion
control
H. Supply of raw materials in a concentrated value chain
I. Potential health and safety incidents
J. Potential impact on health, safety, workers’ rights, and
human rights across the value chain
K. Potential impact on health, safety, and human rights of
people in affected communities across the value chain
L. Events of non-compliance with regulations, standards,
or stakeholder expectations
Bauxite
Alumina
Energy
Primary
Extrusion
Recycling
E1 Climate change
1
1
2
3
3
3
A, B
A, B
B
A, B
A, B
B
E2 Pollution
C, D
C, D
C, D
C, D
C, D
E3 Water and marine resources
E
E
E
E
E
E
E4 Biodiversity and ecosystems
F, G
F, G
F, G
F, G
G
G
E5 Resource use and circular economy
4
4
4
4
5
H
G
H
H
S1 Own workforce
6
6
6
6
6
6
I
I
I
I
I
I
S2 Workers in the value chain
J
J
J
J
J
J
S3 Affected communities
7
7
7
7
7
7
K
K
K
K
K
K
S4 Consumers and end users
8
8
8
8
8
G1 Business conduct
L
L
L
L
L
L
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Water resources
Why it matters
Hydro depends on the supply of water as an ecosystem service and
withdraws large volumes of water for beneficiation and pumping at its
Paragominas mining operations, steam-generation in the Bayer
process at the Alunorte alumina refinery, and for cooling in Hydro’s
primary aluminium, downstream, and recycling processes. There is
also a significant influence from Hydro’s hydropower operations on
the water catchments where they are located.
Hydro follows standards for measuring and reporting its water
interaction and the quality of its water discharges, to minimize the
potential for water related impacts on nature and local communities.
The main water related risks for Hydro are physical risks, such as
changes in the availability and quality of freshwater, and natural
hazards like flooding. Climate change can exacerbate the scale and
frequency of these risks further. Climate change can result in more
frequent events of heavy rainfall, exposing Hydro to water related
risks like flooding and landslides. Seasonal drought risks can cause
disruptions in the availability of water for electricity generation,
cooling, operations or shipping routes, infrastructure, and logistics
services in Hydro’s value chain.
Our approach
Hydro’s Global Procedure for Water Stewardship requires that all
operational sites, that are fully owned or operated by Hydro, evaluate
water related risks and opportunities at a catchment scale and
develop management plans and context-relevant targets to address
any material risks identified. Operational sites must also maintain a
sufficiently detailed water balance account to reflect the site’s water
risk exposure and comply with the International Council on Mining &
Metals’ (ICMM’s) requirements for water reporting. Furthermore, it
must also manage the quality of water discharges and run-off to fulfil
legal permit limits and mitigate potential negative impacts to the
environment and harm to the health and livelihoods of affected
communities, within the operation’s area of influence.
Aluminium value chain
Hydro uses the WRI Aqueduct tool to analyze Hydro’s freshwater
footprint in water stressed areas, defined as locations with high or
extremely high baseline water stress. The majority of Hydro’s water
withdrawal occurs in fjords and rivers in Norway, from abundant
water resources that are not materially impacted by Hydro’s
operations. Approximately 1 percent of Hydro’s freshwater
withdrawals are related to operational assets located in water
stressed areas, so over exploitation of natural water resource
availability is not considered material for Hydro today. With future
climate change scenarios, location specific changes to the availability
of water resources may occur. Such risks were evaluated in the
physical climate risk assessment that was updated in 2023,
described in the climate change chapter.
Regarding water related risks, priority is given to managing the
quality of discharges to the external environment and ensuring that
Hydro operates within the relevant permit limits and regulatory
frameworks. In addition, and due to seasonal heavy rainfall in
Northern Brazil, managing flood risk is also a priority for both the
mining operation and alumina refinery.
Hydropower
Hydro’s hydropower operations can affect water resources in the
catchment area of the hydropower plants. This includes both positive
impacts on flood control and water flow, and the potential negative
impacts on water based ecosystems in the catchment areas that are
described in the biodiversity and ecosystems chapter. Flood control
is an important positive impact of the regulation of water bodies for
hydropower production. Hydro monitors and simulates water levels
and adapts the production, which helps mitigating consequences of
extreme weather events, particularly flooding.
The water regulation in Norway is based on the EU Water
Framework Directive, which aims for “good ecological status or
potential” for all water resources within 2027. This is followed up by
the authorities and formalized in regional water management plans
(WMP). The WMPs sets targets for water bodies and establishes
required mitigating actions for water bodies with poor status. It is the
main contributing activity/actor that has the responsibility to
implement improvement activities. The WMPs are the main tool for
authorities to follow-up improvements in Norwegian water bodies,
and are established with inputs from different stakeholders, including
hydropower producers. New WMPs (2022-2027) were approved by
the Norwegian Government in October 2022. The WMPs will be an
important basis for authorities’ follow-up of the concessionaires in the
future.
Actions and resources related to water resources
Hydro undertakes a number of mandatory and voluntary actions to
reduce risks related to water resources, depending on the activity
and geographic location. For actions related to emissions to water,
refer to the Pollution chapter.
Aluminium value chain
Around 75 percent of Hydro’s total water withdrawal occurs in
Norway from fjords (sea water) and rivers (fresh water) that supply
these fjords. These water sources are vast and are not significantly
affected by Hydro’s operations. All seawater withdrawal in Norway is
used in gas treatment centers, enabling the primary production
smelters to reduce dust, SO
2
and fluoride emissions to air.
To mitigate risks related to water availability, Hydro has implemented
actions to reduce operational dependency on surface water
withdrawals at our mining and refining operations in Brazil, by
increasing rainwater capture and storage and reuse of process
water, and water use efficiency programs in our Extrusion business
to reduce overall water withdrawal intensity.
In 2023, 28 percent of Hydro’s surface water withdrawals was
rainwater, primarily captured at Alunorte and Paragominas.
Approximately 74 percent of Paragominas’ water demand was met
by recovery of water from the beneficiation process, and 9 percent
34
65.4 million m
3
Number of sites in water stressed
areas
Performance
1.4 million m
3
Freshwater withdrawals in water
stressed areas
Water recycled or reused
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from water captured in the reservoirs, significantly reducing
dependency on water withdrawals from the Parariquara river.
Alunorte receives a large volume of water, entrained in the bauxite
product that it receives from Paragominas, through the pipeline. In
2023, Alunorte received 11.6 million m
3
of freshwater from
Paragominas. Alunorte is reusing more than 49 percent of this water
in the refining process,
Hydro is working to adapt to the physical risks of climate change
through several actions. To mitigate risks related to climate driven
flood risk, due to increased rainfall, at our alumina refinery, Hydro
invested in water management infrastructure and wastewater
treatment capacity in 2019 increasing the water storage capacity to
274,000 cubic meters and treatment capacity to 14,500 cubic meters
per hour.
Hydropower
Hydro’s Norwegian hydropower operations are covered by
concessions that includes site specific requirements for upgrades
and implementing environmental improvement actions. Hydro
continuously works with rehabilitation and restoration measures in
the waterways that are affected by its hydropower operations. From
2017 to 2022, Hydro Energy restored parts of the river Måna in
Rjukan, Norway. Due to the historical regulation of the river, it was
previously dry for most of the year. Now the river has been re-
established, with a target to maintain a good flood management and
improve the environmental conditions for anadromous fish. Hydro
also works with initiatives to reduce the risk of erosion and
sedimentation around our reservoirs, such as reinforcement of
reservoir edges with stones and gravel.
In 2023, Hydro established an overview of the water bodies that are
impacted by its hydropower operations. Some of these water bodies
have been allocated less stringent environmental objectives by the
Norwegian authorities than those defined by the EU Water
Framework Directive. Hydro will continue to develop its
understanding of how to improve the status of water bodies that are
impacted by its hydropower operations and establish an
environmental management system for each location.
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E3 Notes on Water resources
E3.1 Water interaction
Reporting principles
Total water withdrawal by country and water interaction in Hydro consolidated activities.
All operations related to the aluminium value chain maintain a water balance, in line with regulatory
requirements and the minimum disclosure requirements dictated by ICMM’s Water 2021 Water
Reporting: Good practice guide. This includes volumes of withdrawals (by quality and source),
discharge (by quality and destination), consumption (by type) and the percentage of the operational
water demand met by water reuse and /or recycling, if applicable. Methods for calculating these values
is site-specific. Where operational sites receive their water supply from third-parties, like the municipal
water infrastructure, the quantities are based on invoiced volumes across the year. In operations that
manage their own water extraction and discharges, the data can be directly measured using flow
meters, or inferred from pumping capacity and run times. Hydro does have instances of “Other
Managed Water” (i.e., water that needs to be actively managed by does not enter the operational water
system used to supply the operational water demand), so this parameter is not included in our
consolidated reporting.
We monitor water use in the construction and development of new energy projects, including water for
construction processes and human consumption. Water consumption in Hydro Rein’s projects are not
material in volume compared to consumption in other activities. All water use in construction and
development of new energy projects is supplied by third parties.
GRI reference: GRI Standards 303-3, 303-4 and 303-5 (2018).
Total water withdrawal, by country
Million m
3
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
Norway
212.6
218.0
216.1
224.8
218.4
Brazil
1)
63.4
62.0
67.1
54.5
58.7
United States
3.9
4.5
4.8
4.2
5.0
Rest of the world
3.8
4.2
4.7
3.9
5.2
Total water withdrawal
283.7
288.7
292.8
287.5
287.3
1) Includes 17 million m3 of rainwater that is treated and discharged. The figure varies with precipitation.
Total water interaction
Million m
3
High
quality
Low
quality
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
Number of locations
117
112
115
119
119
Water withdrawal, by source
Surface water withdrawal
73.7
16.3
94.6
100.7
87.3
92.9
- Surface water (river, stream, lake)
48.4
16.3
64.7
68.8
72.0
66.5
70.9
- Rainwater capture
25.3
0.0
25.3
25.8
28.7
20.8
22.1
Ground water
1.2
12.2
12.4
12.4
12.1
11.2
Seawater
0.0
164.7
165.6
163.2
173.2
166.8
Third-party Supply (e.g. municipal)
3.9
11.8
16.1
16.5
14.9
16.4
Total Water withdrawal
78.8
204.9
Water discharges, by destination
Surface water (river, stream, lake)
39.1
15.5
54.6
64.7
68.9
60.9
61.4
Ground water
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Seawater
9.0
186.2
195.2
198.0
196.4
205.9
198.7
Third-party Supply (e.g. municipal)
0.9
15.7
16.6
15.6
16.6
14.5
16.6
Total Water discharges
49.1
217.5
Water consumption, by type
Evaporation
0.9
2.7
3.6
3.9
1.1
0.9
1.7
Entrainment in product
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Entrainment in waste
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Process loss
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
Other
0.1
13.4
13.5
6.4
9.7
5.3
8.9
Total Water consumption
1.0
16.2
Water Reuse/Recycle
Reuse/recycle
65.4
0.0
65.4
64.7
67.2
53.0
54.8
Total Water Reuse/Recycle
65.4
0.0
65.4
64.7
67.2
53.0
54.8
The ESRS require companies to report the water intensity per revenue. This was 0.0001 m
3
per million
NOK in 2023.
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E3.2 Water interaction in water stressed areas
Water interaction in water-stressed areas
Million m
3
High
quality
Low
quality
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
Number of locations
34
34
34
34
33
Water withdrawal, by source
Surface water withdrawal
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
- Surface water (river, stream, lake)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
- Rainwater capture
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ground water
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
Seawater
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Third-party supply
0.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.3
Total Water withdrawal, by source
0.1
1.3
Water discharges, by destination
Surface water
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
Ground water
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Seawater
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Third-party supply
0.9
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
Total water discharges
Water consumption, by type
Evaporation
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Entrainment in product
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Entrainment in waste
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Process loss
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Total Water consumption, by type
0.0
0.3
Water Reuse/Recycle
Reuse/recycle
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total Water Reuse/Recycle
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
E3.3 Water interaction in 50/50 joint venture Qatalum
Reporting principles
Water interaction in Qatalum is calculated based on total seawater withdrawal for cooling in the
casthouse and power plant operations at Qatalum.
Water interaction in 50/50 joint venture Qatalum
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
Seawater withdrawal for cooling, million m3
87.9
88.8
87.8
92.6
90.1